Physicians brain drain was a hot topic a few decades ago. It was reopened about a year ago in the New England Journal of Medicine.1 This paper was what it said it was— quantification of the problem. Additionally, host countries, or the four major recipients of the “medical brains,” were identified in that article as being the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, and Australia. The term “international medical graduates” (IMGs) has also replaced the former “foreign medical graduate” (FMGs), because this newer term also covers the large number of the United States citizens who obtain their medical education outside the United States.

Health professionals training in Iran occurs at 73 “Medical Sciences Universities”, under the Ministry of Health and Medical Education. It serves as the official authority for healthcare services and the major body for administering medical sciences education. The World Health Organization (WHO) has recognized Iran's national health system as a regional model, influencing countries such as Saudi Arabia. Despite achievements in medical education and healthcare, Iran's health system faces significant challenges, particularly regarding human resources. A pressing issue is the substantial migration of students, professors, and healthcare workers, which adversely affects healthcare service provision and medical education (1).

Purpose: brain drain is one of the most critical challenges facing developing countries. Educated and skilled people migrate from these countries to more economically stable ones. brain drain can reduce the capabilities and economic growth in developing countries. Human capital is significant in the theories of economic growth, as a result, less developed countries, as a source of brain drain, mainly face problems such as a low economic growth rate and a high unemployment rate. Another consequence that the countries of brain drain origin are faced with is the reduction of the economic well-being of the society. This is because productivity decreases with the removal of human capital and the government is forced to increase the cost of education. One of the ways to reduce the problem of brain drain is to raise the level of life expectancy and increase people's satisfaction and self-confidence. For this purpose, it is necessary to improve living conditions and create suitable job opportunities in countries with a low level of human development. In addition, raising education and knowledge can increase people's capabilities and improve working conditions in countries. Political instability is one of the most severe obstacles to a country's economic growth and development. The lack of political stability can lead to decreased investment, increased inflation, and economic and social problems. A low level of political stability has a negative effect on economic and financial development. This is because political instability causes an increase in risk and uncertainty in economic contracts, the structure of property rights, and tax policies for entrepreneurs. Improving the political stability of a country is an essential step toward achieving economic growth and development, countries with higher political stability have more power to create wealth. Nowadays, brain drain is a critical issue in developing countries. Low income, high unemployment, discrimination, and lack of social justice are the main reasons for brain drain. Developing countries face political, economic and financial instability, as a result, skilled and talented individuals seek better welfare and job opportunities in developed countries. This study aims to investigate the impacts of country risk and human development on brain drain in 106 countries. To achieve the goal of the study, the countries in question are divided into three groups including countries with a low political risk (44 countries), a medium political risk (48), and a high political risk (14 countries) from 2007 to 2020. The research is conducted through the fixed panel method, the standard generalized method of moments, and two-stage generalized method of moments. The results of the research show that country risk and its sub-indices in all the three groups of countries have a positive effect on increasing brain drain. This effect is greater in countries with medium and high political risk levels. Also, the human development index negatively and significantly affects the brain drain in the studied countries. To reduce the level of brain drain, it is suggested for policymakers to give priority to providing suitable conditions for business and investment in the country so as to increase job opportunities and improve economic conditions. Methodology: In this research, both one-and two-step methods have been used to prevent single effects. Two tests are proposed to ensure the appropriateness of using this method for estimating the model. Initially, the Sargan test is used to demonstrate the validity of the instrumental variables. The second test includes a) the first-order correlation test AR and b) the second-order AR. According to Arellano and Bond (1992), in GMM estimation, the disruptive terms should have first-order serial correlation, not second-order one (Arellano & Bover, 1995). Findings and Discussion: The results indicate that country risk and its sub-indices positively affect brain drain in countries with low, medium, and high political risks. However, this effect is more potent in medium-and high-political-risk countries. The human development index also negatively and significantly impacts brain drain in all countries. As an important finding, the effect of country risk and its sub-indices on brain drain in countries with low political risk levels is less than that in countries with medium and high political risks. In fact, in countries with low risk levels, the effect of uncertainty and the risk of brain drain is less, in these countries, investment security is high, and investment laws and regulations are usually substantial. Moreover, Human development can be considered as one of the factors to reduce brain drain. Poverty and unemployment will decrease by increasing education, improving health, and increasing access to economic opportunities, job opportunities, and entrepreneurship. Also, human development can improve living conditions and social security, reducing brain drain. As a comprehensive and inclusive solution, it can help to reduce brain drain in different countries. Conclusion and Policy Implications: brain drain has become a critical issue in poor and less developed countries. This issue in developing countries is primarily due to political, economic, and financial instability. For this reason, skilled and talented people migrate to advanced countries for better welfare conditions and job opportunities. This issue causes a decrease in human capital and, as a result, a reduction in the economic growth and development of the countries of origin. In addition, brain drain causes discrimination and social injustice in developing countries because people with high abilities migrate to developed countries, while people with fewer abilities and without particular expertise remain in their country of origin. The results indicate that country risk and its sub-indices positively affect brain drain in countries with low, medium and high levels of political risk. However, this effect is greater in countries with medium and high political risk levels. Also, the human development index negatively and significantly impacts brain drain in all the studied countries.

Introduction: According to recent theories of economic growth and development and international economy of brain drain, human capital, domestic and foreign R&D capital stock, is important determinant of total factor productivity (TFP). In Iran's economy, in spite of allocating considerable amount of government budget to education expenditures we notice that power and TFP growth are low in economic growth, therefore considerable brains immigration. This paper analyzes the effect of brain drain to G7 countries on total factor productivity of Iran.Method: In this paper, we analyze the effect of brain drain (the number of highly educated people over than 25 ages who migrate permanent) on total factor productivity of Iran in during 1345-1385.Findings: brain drain has inverse effect on TFP growth. In other words, brain drain has considerable, also disincentive effect on TFP growth. in developed economies, the coefficient of domestic R&D capital stock variable, interaction variable of human capital and foreign R&D capital stock has not a significant effect on TFP growth.Conclusion: The results show that, to increase TFP growth, we should have increase the pull factors, decrease the push factors and increase the R&D spending in GDP considerably. Also in order to decrease technology trap, harmonization the instruction policies and research to economic policies, we require to make true economic policy due to repair the relative prices and to choose the trade partners that have high R&D capital stock.

Background: brain drain is a phenomenon that has become more widespread in recent decades. This issue is gradually becoming a crisis in Iran. Considering the importance of maintaining the elites in the country, this study endeavors to offer solutions to manage this crisis. Methods: In this qualitative study, the opinions of experts on the issue of brain darin were received and analyzed using a crowdsourcing system. Coding method, content analysis and Maxqda10. 2 qualitative data analysis software were used to analyse data. Results: Key results were classified into three main categories: causes of brain drain, its consequences and management strategies. Data analysis lead to extraction of three main categories including: 1) causes of elite migration with two subcategories of repulsive factors of origin and gravity of destination countries,2) consequences of elite migration with 2 subcategories of elite migration threats and elite migration opportunities,and 3) elite migration strategies with six subcategories of accurate problem recognition, reforming the nurturing system and supporting the elites, establishing and strengthening the system of innovation, reforming the administrative system and meritocracy, promoting the status and dignity of human resources, fulfilment of the obligationof macro-policymakers. Conclusion: Elites tend to migrate due to repulsion of the country of origin and multiplicity ofattractions in the destination country. Policymakers in various fields are expected to develop clear programs and laws to manage and eliminate retention of elites and strengthen attractions to prevent the brain drain.

This paper reviews globalization effects on emigration of educated and highly skilled persons. In addition, it focuses on concerning experiences in Iran. According to the main findings of the paper, if globalization is define as the development of global social relations in economic, political and cultural dimensions, globalization of labor market should be define as the development of a global labor market. Formation of this global market facilitates a raped and easy access to global supply and demand of manpower especially educated and highly skilled manpower. Hence, globalization of labor market paves way for the brain drain. In this condition, an overview of international experiences concerning emigration of educated and highly skilled persons shows that brain drain has increased due to globalization particularly economics aspect.This paper argues that according to an international comparison, LR. Iran is located at second place in the Asia-Pacific Region with losing 16 present of its education and highly skilled persons who more than 25 years old. Similarly in relation to emigration of those persons to the DECD countries, Iran has located at second place in the Asia- Pacific Region with losing 30 percent of its educated and highly skilled human power.Due to the huge amount of brain drain I.R. Iran and through a detailed explanation of internal, composition of the emigrants based on their scientific fields and distant countries, this paper concludes that in order to face challenges of globalization concerning emigration of educated and highly skilled people in Iran, the Government should take serious policies in its national development plans. In short term, one of the most effective policies could be establishment of an "International Network of Iranian Educated People" aiming at facilitating part-time cooperation among Iranian educated people in foreign countries and their domestic partners at scientific and research centers and institutions of the country. However, in long term creating social, cultural and economic environments in the country in order to keep the highly educated and skilled people and to prevent their emigration should be accounted as a fundamental solution.